@article{ author = {Seyedin, H and Zaboli, R and Malmoon, Z and Azami, S}, title = {The Relationship between Ethical Values and Organizational Commitment of Staff in Public and Non- Public Hospitals}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Organizational commitment is one the important attitude in organizations, which together with development of ethical values that needs to be emphasized. The goal of this study is to survey relationship between staff ethical values and organizational commitment in public and non- public hospitals in Tehran. Materials & Methods: This correlation study includes 280 public and non-public hospital workers randomly selected. The data were gathered using a standard questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistical and Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis through SPSS software. Results: The organizational commitment mean was 6.17±.632 and ethical values mean was 5.64±.843. The study shows high correlation between organizational commitment and ethical values. Conclusion: Policymakers and hospital managers need to plan and improve cultural and ethical issues which can increase the organizational commitment.}, Keywords = {Organizational Commitment, Ethical Values, Hospital }, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.1.1}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-48-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-48-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {YazdaniCharati, J and Moradi, M}, title = {The Study of Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Bane (Kurdistan) between 2003 and 2010}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that is commonly caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. As Kurdistan province is close to Iraq (risky due to political instability in recent years), the Bane city had high interaction with Iraq, so the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of tuberculosis in Bane (Kurdistan) between 2003 and 2010. Materials and Methods: This descriptive longitudinal study was done from 2003 to 2010. The number of people with TB was 94 cases taken from the registry. The data included age, sex, type of disease, age and place of registration. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods through SPSS 20 software. Results: Among the 94 cases recorded in this analysis, the women had higher percentage than men (41.49 percent and 58.51 for men and women, respectively) and the incidence rates were found to be 7.93 in men and 11.64 in women 100000 persons therefore, there were significant differences between men and women (a p-value <0.01) in all patients in this study. Fifty five percent were from the urban and some others the rural areas and 98.9 percent of them were from Iran. Conclusion: The incidence rate of tuberculosis in females is higher than males. In addition, the average delay time of symptoms to diagnosis was 191 days, so this time, it is relatively high because TB is an infectious disease.}, Keywords = {Tuberculosis, Bane, Incidence Rate, Extra pulmonary}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {8-12}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.1.8}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-49-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-49-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Abedi, Gh and Aghatabai, AB and Anbia, R and Rostami, F}, title = {Epidemiological Survey of Prematurity in Gonbad-e Kavous in Golestan Province}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Prematurity birth occurs when a newborn is born before the thirty seventh week of pregnancy. Preterm birth is the most expensive and the most common health problem. So, the aim of this study was to do epidemiological survey of prematurity in Gonbad-e Kavous in 2010. Materials and Methods: This sectional- descriptive study was carried out on 172 premature babies with census method. A questionnaire was made with α= 0.873 to collect the data. The data were analyzed with SPSS software, descriptive statistics and Poisson regression. Results: The incidence of prematurity was 41.04 at live births per 1,000 and the mortality rate of prematurity based on all births at live births per 1,000 was 7.78 in 2009. In 2007 and 2008, the mortality rate of prematurity based on all births at live births per 1000 was 10.74 and 7.08, respectively. The villages of Baghlimara, Gadomabad, Aghabad, Gharemohammadtapeh, Chaighoshan, Agribaghaz, Soltanali, Taghiabad, Gonbad1, Gonbad 6, Bibishirvan had the highest maturity rate in 2009-2010, respectively. The most focused was in the south and southeast villages and broader line villages had the lowest rate of prematurity. Conclusion: The majority of mothers who had preterm birth did not have appropriate nutrition, economic and social situations. In terms of education, 61% of them were at primary level that can have effect on their knowledge and practice. Therefore, increasing knowledge rate and changing diet in pregnancy care and paying more attention to related organizations in improving their livelihood are recommended.}, Keywords = { Epidemiologic, Prematurity, Gonbad-e Kavous}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {13-18}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.1.13}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-50-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-50-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rostami, H and farajzadeh, D and Haratian, P and Masoumbeigi, H and Ebadi, A and Delkhosh, M}, title = {Studying the Environmental Health Status and Consumption of Baking Soda in Military and Urban Lavash Bakeries of Tehran in 2012}, abstract ={Background and purpose:Consumption of baking soda, as a primary material for preparation of bread dough, has been banned due to its health complications in Iran. So bread production in our country faced difficulties and one part of them is related to health issues which are bread production. Also, in some cases, baking soda is used in the bread production. This study was done to study the environmental health status and consumption of baking soda in the military and urban Lavash bakeries of Tehran in 2012. Materials and methods:This is a descriptive comparative study done on Lavash bread production of 14 military bakeries and 14 corresponding urban bakeries near them. PH in the samples was tested based on Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran No. 2628. To check the status of environmental health and personal hygiene of bakeries, the check list of Cereal Research Center was used. Results:In terms of environmental health status,28.6% military bakeries and7.1% urban bakeries were at good level. In terms of personal hygiene, all bakeries were in the poor category. Also,42.9% of military Lavash bakeries and 14.3% of urban Lavash bakeries used baking soda in their bread production. Conclusion:Environment health and personal hygiene status in military bakeries are better than the urban bakeries however, hygiene status was not desirable in military bakeries. Also, baking soda consumption in military bakeries was more common than the urban bakeries. According to the results of this study, control of health status and avoiding baking soda consumption in the bakeries are necessary.}, Keywords = {Quality of bread, Baking Soda, Environmental Health, Personal Hygiene, Bakeries}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {19-24}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.1.19}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-51-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-51-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Haghighizadeh, MH and Daryaeepoor, S and Ghasemzadeh, R and Zahiri, M}, title = {The Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Burnout among Rehabilitation Personnel of Razi Psychiatric Hospital in Tehran}, abstract ={Background and purpose: The study about effective management dimensions in hospital staff performance is important. This study was done to survey the relationship between job satisfaction and burnout in the rehabilitation personnel of Razi Psychiatric Hospital in Tehran. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 77 subjects including psychometrics, general practitioners, specialists, nurses, social workers, occupational therapists and psychologists were selected randomly among rehabilitation staff in Razi Psychiatric Hospital in 2011. The data were collected using Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ).The data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation method. Results: Job satisfaction had an inverse relationship with "emotional exhaustion" and "depersonalization"(p<0.001), but there was not a significant relationship between "personal accomplishment" and "job satisfaction". The mean of emotional exhaustion was 68.18, depersonalization 68.4 and personal accomplishment 29.36. In addition, the results of this study showed that 36.6 percent of rehabilitation team employees in Razi Psychiatric Hospital were satisfied with their jobs. Conclusion: As the results show, it is necessary to perform further research to find the main reasons of intensifying job burnout and then reduce these critical factors leading to personnel dissatisfaction from their jobs and any probable consequence of this dissatisfaction.}, Keywords = {Job Satisfaction, Burnout, Rehabilitation, Psychiatric Hospital}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {25-30}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.1.25}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-52-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-52-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mohammadpour, RA}, title = {Association between Lifestyle Satisfaction and Tendency to Behavioral Change with Health Related Quality of Life among 40 Years Old and Over in (North of Iran) Mazandaran}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Health related quality of life (HQOL) has different dimensions and many factors affect it. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between lifestyle satisfaction and health- related quality of life in the population aged 40 year old and over. The question is, if there is not lifestyle satisfaction, how should be the pattern of tendency to behavioral changes? Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The statistical population is the inhabitants aged40 and over in Mazandaran province. One thousand and two hundred twenty five subjects by stratification and clustering random sampling were selected. The data were collected by face-to-face interview using the Persian version of the Short Form Health survey (SF-36). SF-36 is a standard questionnaire and Persian translation is valid and reliable. Lifestyle variable assessment includes smoking, physical activity, nutritional status, exercise and stress. Lifestyle satisfaction, tendency to behavioral change and demographic variables were assessed by separate questionnaire. The statistical analysis was performed by T-test and ANOVA by SPSS. Results: All health related quality of life components had meaningful relationship with lifestyle satisfaction. The mean of all the components of SF-36 measurements for those who had high lifestyle satisfaction were higher than the others (p<0.001).The highest amount of tendency to behavioral change was seen in nutritional status, exercise, stress control and smoking habits. Conclusion: According to the results, for promoting physical and mental health, lifestyle satisfaction must be increased. Nutrition, exercise, and giving up smoking are of great importance in physical health promotion.}, Keywords = {Lifestyle, Quality Of Life, SF-36, Iran}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {31-35}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.1.31}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-53-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-53-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Zazouli, MA and Balarak, D and Mahdavi, Y and Ebrahimi, M}, title = {Adsorption Rate of 198 Reactive Red Dye from Aqueous Solutions by using Activated Red Mud}, abstract ={Backgroud and purpose: Dye is one of the problems of industrial effluent such as textile industries. The dyes can be removed by various methods. Therefore, the aim of this study was the evaluation of adsorption rate of reactive red 198 from aqueous solution by activated red mud. Materials and methods: This research was a lab study. Activated red mud was used as an adsorbent to remove reactive red 198 dye. The effect of various parameters on performance of adsorbent was investigated and the isotherm of adsorption was determined. The dye concentration was measured in wavelength of 518 nm by spectrophotometer. Results: The results indicated that the adsorption efficiency reduced by increasing of initial dye concentration. Increasing of contact time and adsorbent dose can lead to increasing of the removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiency was occurred pH between 2 to 3. The data was best fitted on Frandlich and Temkin isotherms. Conclusion: The red mud had a satisfactory quality in dye adsorption. It can be used as effective and inexpensive adsorbents for treatment of textile effluent.}, Keywords = {Red mud, Azo dyes, RR198, Textile wastewater, Adsorption}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {36-43}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.1.36}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-54-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-54-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Naghibi, A and Shojaeezade, D and Montazeri, A and yazdani, J}, title = {Early Detection of Breast Cancer among Women in Mazandaran, Iran}, abstract ={Background and purpose: After lung cancer, breast cancer, among the prevalent cancers of the world is of the most widespread disease among women. It is the most common cause of mortality among women. This study aimed to analyze the results using breast cancer screening methods among women over 20 years old. Materials and methods: The present study is a cross-sectional-descriptive research. The sample volume is 1416 women over 20 years in Mazandaran province. One hundred forty one clusters of 10 families including 81 urban clusters and 60 rural clusters were determined at thought the province. The questionnaires were completed by the subjects through direct administration. The data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16) statistical software and descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results: The results show that 46% of study women had self – examination record and 14.3% of them had regular and monthly self – examination, 38% of women had breast clinical examination by a physician. And 20.7%, breast clinical examination was done regularly and annually. Fourteen percent of women had mammography record, in which only 3.5% was done at a regular time interval every 3 years. Conclusion: According to the findings, women performance about the early detection of breast cancer was not satisfactory. Thus, planning and designing appropriate educational interventions within socio-cultural conditions and using health training models can lead to promoting breast cancer early detection performance among women over 20 years.}, Keywords = {Breast Cancer, Self Examination, Clinical Examination, Mammography}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {44-49}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.1.44}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-55-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-55-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Tirgar, A and Khallaghi, Sh and Taghipour, M}, title = {A Study on Musculoskeletal Disorders and Personal and Occupational Risk Factors among Surgeons}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Surgery is a high risk profession owing to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Fine and precise operations cause surgeons to adopt prolonged fixed posture. As there is limited information in this region, the purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of MSDs and personal and occupational risk factors among surgeons in Babol (a northern city in Iran). Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 45 surgeons during 2011 using a questionnaire in three parts including: Demographic and occupational data, Nordic standardized musculoskeletal disorders questionnaire (NMQ), and Body Discomfort Assessment technique. The working posture during operation was assessed by Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical indexes and chi- square test, and a p<0.05 was considered as significant. Results: According to the data, the mean of work experience was 19.9±6 years, and the mean of work hours was 54.2±14 (ranged 20-80 hours per week). Ninety five percent of surgeons reported experiencing one or more MSDs symptoms during the previous year. Neck pain (66.7%) and low back pain (LBP) (51%) was the more frequent reported complaint. The results showed a significant statistical difference between LBP with weekly regular exercise and work experience. Conclusion: The results indicate that MSDs are the common problems among the surgeons and they are at risk because of their personal and occupational conditions. So, ergonomics interventions in order to prevent MSDs are recommended.}, Keywords = {Musculoskeletal Disorders, Surgeons, Risk Factors, Ergonomics}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {50-57}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.1.50}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-57-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-57-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, M and Alavi, N and Jaafarzadeh, N and Ghaedrahmat, Z and Hashemi, F}, title = {Performance Evaluation of Moving Bed Bio Film Reactor in Saline Wastewater Treatment}, abstract ={Background and purpose:Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor is an aerobic attached growth with better biofilm thickness control, lack of plugging and lower head loss. Consequently, this system is greatly used by different wastewater treatment plants. High TDS wastewater produced petrochemical, leather tanning, sea food processing, cannery, pickling and dairy industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of MBBR in saline wastewater treatment. Materials and methods: In this study, 50 percent of a cylindrical reactor with 9.5 liter occupied media with 650 m2.m-3. In the first step, hydraulic regime was evaluated and startup reactor was done by sanitary sludge. Bio film was generated with glucose as the sole carbon source in synthetic wastewater. MBBR performance evaluation was performed in 6:30 and 8:45 with saline wastewater after bio film produced on media. Results: After 83 days of passing MBBR operation with saline wastewater containing 3000-12000 mg.L-1 TDS, organic loading rate of 2.2-3.5 kg/m3.d COD removal efficiency reached 80-92%. Conclusion: Moving bed biofilm reactor is effective in organic load elimination from saline wastewater.}, Keywords = {Moving Bed Bio film Reactor, Saline Wastewater, Organic load}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {58-64}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.1.58}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-58-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-58-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Zarei, A and Bazrafshan, E and Khaksefidi, R and Alizadeh, M}, title = {The Evaluation of Removal Efficiency of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions using Moringa Peregrina Tree Shell Ash}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Phenol is one of prevalent contaminants found in many industrial wastewaters. The combination with special features, such as high toxicity, carcinogenic properties, vitality gathering ability, low biodegradation potentiality and others, based on the U.S Environmental Protection Agency, classified as a priority pollutant. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of Moringa Peregrina tree shell ash for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: This study is experimental and pilot scale. To determine the efficiency of Moringa Peregrina tree shell ash for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions the examination was carried out in a batch system. To achieve the aim of this study, the effect of each of the parameters affecting the adsorption process, such as initial pH of solution, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial concentration of phenol in solution were studied. Results: The results showed that the highest percentage of phenol removal by the ash occurred at pH 6, initial concentration100 mg.L-1and adsorbent dose 0.4 g/l in which the 79.96% phenol was removed. For the analysis of the absorption constant, the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm were used. The results showed that the experimental data fit the Langmuir (R2=0.9833) much better than the Freundlich model (R2=0.9373). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it was found that the Moringa Peregrina tree shell ash is not only a low-cost adsorbent but also has a high performance in the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions.}, Keywords = {Medical Error, Patient Safety, Patient Safety Culture, Nurse}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {65-74}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.1.65}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-59-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-59-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Kabir, Mohammadjavad and Heidari, Alireza and Jafari, Nahid and Vatankhah, Sodabeh and Etemad, Korosh and Aarabi, Mohsen and Aghapour, Ali and Lotfi, Mansoreh}, title = {The Perspectives Toward Patient Safety Culture among Nurses Staff in Educational Hospitals in Gorgan in 2011}, abstract ={Background and purpose: The basic responsibility of nurses is to maintain patient safety including notifying patients and colleagues about risk and risk reduction methods, supporting the patient safety and reporting events to a responsible person. Without creating a safety culture in all health facilities a sustainable development in the patient care do not occur. This study aims to determine the patient safety culture in teaching hospitals in Gorgan. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, a target group includes nurses at 5 Azar, Taleghani and Deziani Hospitals in Gorgan in 2011. The study population included 348 nurses in these hospitals. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire with 43 questions. Statistical tests were ANOVA and T-Test. Results: Twenty four percent of nurses believed patient safety culture is weak, 46.8% of them, moderate and 30.7% good. The weakest dimension was non-punitive response to error and strongest dimension was organizational education. Statistic test showed significant relationship between patient safety culture and experience (p= 0.021), employment status (p= 0.001), hospital (p= 0.001), ward (p= 0.003). Conclusion: The status of the patient safety culture was related moderate from the nurses' view point but it is necessary it improved in dimensions of the non-punitive response and the staff workload to note that it is highly recommended to take some actions in this regard.}, Keywords = {Medical Error, Patient Safety, Patient Safety Culture, Nurse}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {75-83}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.1.75}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-60-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-60-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Yousefi, Z and Aghili, S.R. and Ebrahimzadeh, R and Salmanian, B}, title = {Investigation of Fungi in Drinking Water Resources as a Source of Contamination Tap Water in Sari, Iran}, abstract ={Background and purpose: One of the most prominent concerns for the water consumers is pathogenic microorganism contamination. Wells and underground water resources are the main resources of drinking water in Sari city, Iran. The main objectives of the research project were to explore the distribution and frequency of mycoflora in wells and underground water resources of the city and their contamination effects on humans. Materials and methods: Three reservoirs and 18 wells or underground water resources were analyzed. Water samples were then filtered and analyzed according to the World Health Organization guidelines. Each filter and 0.2 ml of suspension inoculated on SDA+CG media. For fungal growth, plates were incubated at 27’C for 7-10 days. The fungi were identified by standard mycological techniques. Results: Fungal colonies were isolated from all samples. From total of 160 fungal colonies isolated from wells water, 14 species of fungi were distinguished. Rhodotorula (54.4%), Monilinia (13.7%), Alternaria (6.9%) were the most commonly isolated. Drechslera, Rhizopus, and Exserohilum (0.6%) had the lowest frequency. There was no significant difference between fungal elements isolated from three major reservoirs (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study revealed that resources of drinking water from an area have to monitored and if its fungal CFU be greater than a certain value, medical and health preventive measures should be taken before the water is used by human. In this context, public and private awareness should also be provided through the media, broadcasting, teachers and scholars.}, Keywords = {water quality, drinking water resources, fungal contaminated water, waterborne}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {84-91}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.1.84}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-61-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-61-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Bastani, Peivand and TaherNejad, Keyghobad and Zargan, Jamil and Shaarbafchizadeh, Nasrin and Alishavandi, Razieh}, title = {Intra Sector Policy Interventions for Improvement of Iranian Health Financing System}, abstract ={Background and purpose: To determine an appropriate financial model for the health system of Iran, several studies have been conducted. But it seems that these studies were not comprehensive and further investigation is required. So to design a valid and enforceable mechanism, the study of policy interventions will be considered through consensus of all stakeholders. This investigation was done to determine the necessary policies and internal interventions for health care system financial improvement in Iran. Materials and methods: The present work was carried out through investigating all key stakeholders in the medical system and the related sectors in Iran, along with the analysis of internal and external communication by using SWOT and STEEP.V methods. Results: Strategic management of health-care costs, the development of a new financial system, clarity of costs, benefiting from health national accounts, the regulation of budget based on operations, preparing the credit of per capita from prepayment and risk accumulation, the development of referral systems and mechanisms, the establishment of public fund for services purchase, preventing the involvement of insurances in non-insurance cases, competing services with the private sector and increasing resources for the promotion of equality level have been determined as the key proposed interventions. Conclusion: It seems that the interventions based to the development of improving health financial system including the deployment of full accrual basis instead of cash basis, preparing and using services cost and operational budgeting and finally, cost management and productivity are the prerequisites of reforming health financial system.}, Keywords = {Financing, Health System, Intra-sector Interventions }, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.2.1}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-71-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-71-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Mehdi and Bayati, Nikoo and Babaei, Ali Akbar and Teymouri, Pari}, title = {Sludge Characterization of an Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant, Iran}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Disposing sludge from industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWWTPs) is a serious issue because it can affect human and animals health, and also environmental quality. In this study, sludge from an IWWTP was analyzed regarding its physicochemical characteristics and disposal options. Materials and Methods: Grab sampling was used to collect 12 sludge samples biweekly (May-October 2012). One sample T-test was applied to analyze the obtained data. Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines (CSQG) and New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Soil Cleanup Criteria (NJDEPSCC) were used to discuss the generated sludge disposal fate. Results: The results show that the order of the studied metals in the sludge was as: Fe>Al>Zn>Cr>Pb>Ni>Cd>Co>Cu>Mn>As>Hg. It was found that the generated sludge compared with CSQG is not suitable for residential/parkland, agricultural, commercial and industrial applications. But compared with NJDEPSCC, the studied sludge was suitable for residential and non-residential applications. Conclusion: According to NJDEPSCC, the studied sludge has the potential to be used for residential and non-residential purposes.}, Keywords = {Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge, Sludge Characterization, Sludge Disposal, Sludge Reuse}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {10-18}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.2.10}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-72-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-72-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {BoudaghiMalidareh, Hajar and Alinezhad, Amin and BoudaghiMalidareh, Parisa and Mahvi, Amir Hossei}, title = {Investigation of Fluoride Level in Drinking Water Supplies of Qaemshahr City (North of IRAN) from 2006 to 2012}, abstract ={Abstract Background and purpose Fluoride is one of the fundamental and required components in human body. The current study intends to survey the status of fluoride in drinking water supplies ( underground water source and drinking water) in Qaemshahr city from 2006 (march/21) to 2012(march/19) and comparison with universal standards, national and climatic conditions. Materials and methods This is a descriptive and sectional study. Samples were experimented in Qaemshahr water and wastewater department laboratory. Fluoride concentration in samples has been measured by DR 2800 and SPADNS Fluoride Reagent Solution. Results were analyzed with Excel software. The medium of maximum temperature in different seasons has been obtained from meteorology department. Then fluoride levels in several years have been compared to each other and to universal, national and climatic standards. Results Comparing to standards National standards of IRAN and according to climatic conditions, proper levels of fluoride were in underground water sources respectively (9 % - 0.9 %) in spring , (17 % - 6.5 %) in summer and , (13 % - 0.00 %) in autumn and in winter. Also in Urban water distribution network were respectively (3.2 % - 3.2 %) in spring, (12.5 % - 5 %) in summer, (8.3 % - 0.00 %) in autumn and, (0.00 % - 0.00 %) in winter. The Fluoride levels in 100% of samples were lower than standards (MCLG and MCL= 4 mg/l). Conclusion No significant relation was observed between fluoride concentrations obtained in different seasons and in different years.In most cases the Fluoride levels in studied city were lower than universal standards, national and climatic conditions. It is recommended that adding fluoride to food chain of the studied citizens should be noticed by the relevant authorities.}, Keywords = {Fluoride, drinking water supplies,Qaemshahr.Iran}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {19-27}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.2.19}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-73-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-73-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rouhani, Samad and YazdaniCharati, Jamshid and Mohammadpour, Reza Ali}, title = {Structural Quality and Utilization of Outpatient Curative Care Under Family Medicine Scheme in Rural Area of Mazandaran– Iran}, abstract ={Background & purpose: Since 2005, a reform known as Rural Insurance and Family Medicine Scheme has introduced to primary health care network in Iran in rural areas and small towns. The content of the reform implies a substantial change in those aspects of health centers that mainly could be categorized as structural quality. Although, this is the requirement of all health care providers, they are not identical in those items. In this article, we have tried to report the relation between structural quality of health centers and utilization of curative care in Mazandran province. Materials & Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2013. Secondary and routinely collected data was used to answer the research questions. The source of original data was provincial health authority’s data set. A check list containing pre-identified variables was used to extract the data. Using SPSS software package, regression analysis was run to measure the role of different independent variable on dependent variable. Results: There were 215 rural health centers affiliated to 16 cities or small towns that the reform has taken place. The outreach area population of these health centers was 1ˏ330ˏ212 of which 834ˏ189 (62.71%) were covered by rural insurance solely. Health centers are not identical in terms of the characteristics of health centers and their utilization. Among the variables with significant impact on the utilization of outpatient care, except for number of physician in each health centre and existence of state owned pharmacy that were found in some health centers, the rest of variables had significant positive impact on the demand for physician visit. Conclusion: Structural quality has significant impact on the utilization of curative care of primary healthcare units at rural area in Iran. The reform seems well targeted the quality improvement and utilization of effective primary health care.}, Keywords = {Structural Quality, Outpatient Care, Family Medicine, Primary Health Care, Insurance}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {28-34}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.2.28}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-74-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-74-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Jafari, Hassan and Shaarbafchizadeh, Nasrin and Yaghoubi, Maryam and Zahmatkesh, Hassan and Azami, Saeidrez}, title = {Spiritual Leadership and Job Involvement of Employees in Selected Hospitals of Isfahan: 2010}, abstract ={Background and purpose: The movement of spiritual leadership is a special kind of service-centered leadership which looks forward to progress and staff control. Job involvement also emphasizes timely attendance of staff, feeling successful at work, and sense of optimism and success about the future of the organization. Therefore, this study investigated the relation between spiritual leadership and job involvement of employees in the selected hospitals located in Isfahan. Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive–analytical and was conducted in 7 hospitals of Isfahan in 2010. The instrument used was a valid and reliable questionnaire consisting of three parts of demographic data, spiritual leadership questionnaire, and job involvement. Data was analyzed by SPSS .18 and analytical and descriptive statistics (t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation) were performed. Results: Results showed that the average score of spiritual leadership and job involvement in entire hospital cases were more than 3. There was a direct correlation between spiritual leadership and job involvement. Also there was a significant relation between the staff work experience and the two studied components. Conclusion: According to the results, it is recommended that organizations authorities involved in health issue provide conditions in addition to focusing on various aspects of spiritual leadership so that the health community rights and especially the staff of this sector be respected and have a sense of job security so that more improvement of job commitment and job involvement be provided for people by enjoying social supports.}, Keywords = {Job Involvement, Spiritual Leadership, Hospital}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {35-42}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.2.35}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-75-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-75-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Zazouli, Mohammad Ali and Balarak, Davoud and Mahdavi, Yousef}, title = {Application of Azolla for 2-Chlorophenol and 4-Chrorophenol Removal from Aqueous Solutions}, abstract ={Background and purpose: The 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) are phenolic compounds which may have adverse effects on human and environment. Therefore, removing these compounds from water and wastewater is necessary. This study aims to analyze 2-CP and 4-CP removal by using Azolla filiculoides biomass. Materials & Methods: Azolla biomass was sun dried, crushed and sieved to particle sizes ranging 1-2 mm. Then it was treated with 0.1M HCl for 5h followed by washing with distilled water and it was used as adsorbent. The residues concentration of 2-CP and 4-CP was measured by spectrophotometer in λmax of 274 and 280 nm, respectively. Results: The solute removed increases as contact time rises. The equilibrium time for 2-CP and 4-CP is 90 and 75, respectively. The removal efficiency of 4-CP is more than 2-CP. An increase in initial concentration of both compounds can lead to decrease of their removal efficiency. The optimum pH to remove both compounds is 5. The equilibrium data matched best on Freundlich isotherm and the adsorption kinetic model follows pseudo-second model. Conclusion: The results indicated that Azolla is an effective adsorbent for removing 2-CP and 4-CP from water and wastewater.}, Keywords = {Azolla, Adsorption, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, Water Treatment}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {43-55}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.2.43}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-76-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-76-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Tabesh, Hamed and Saki, Azadeh and Pourmotahari, Fatemeh}, title = {Comparing two Formulas of Sample Size Determination for Prevalence Studies}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Sample size and its determination is one of the most important problems in health researches. Calculating sample size for prevalence studies is one of the common questions of sample size topics. Minimum sample size with least complexity is desirable in order to achieve the basic goal of these studies. This study aims to compare two formulas of sample size calculation for prevalence researches and finally, to use the simplest formula to get the most appropriate sample size. Methods Sample size for proportions: 0.9, 0.95, 0.99, 0.999 candidates of p close to 1 proportions 10-5, 10-4, 10-3, 10-2, 0.05, 0.1 candidates of p close to 0, and proportions 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 candidates of p close to 0.5 were calculated. For comparing n1, n2 φ =n_1⁄n_2 , it was computed by R package (2.10.1). Results Computed sample size by (f2) is lightly greater than sample size computed by (f1) and maximum value of φ index for comparing the two formulas equals 1. Conclusion Results show that the calculated sample size by (f1) is similar to what was obtained by (f2), though, according to its interpretation and easy computation ,it is suggested for all values of p.}, Keywords = {Sample Size Calculation, Prevalence Study, Calculation Procedure.}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {56-60}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.2.56}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-77-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-77-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Nasiripour, A. A. and Abedi, Ghassem and Tavana, M.}, title = {Relationship of Services Utility with Patients Tending to Hospitals}, abstract ={Background & purpose: In the health sector, in addition to the important consequence of treatment, health system should meet the expectations regarding the desirability of services. Expectations and perceptions of patients about the desirability of services play an important role in selecting hospitals, their loyalty to the organization & replanning to purchase. Thus the present study has been done with the aim to determine the relationship between services desirability and patients’ tendency to public or private hospitals in Sari. Materials & Methods: This study is a descriptive and analytical type done in 2012 in four private and public hospitals located in Sari. The study population consists of hospitalized patients that have been subjected to inquiry by using 361stratified random samples. The survey tool was questionnaire that its validity was judged and approved by the teachers and its reliability was obtained by alpha Cronbach as 0.972. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS software, independent t-test, t-sample test and descriptive statistics. Results: Findings show that in services cost indexes, there are not any significant differences between public and private hospitals while in the other services desirability indexes such as accessibility, availability, speed, quality, and complete package of services and …, there is a significant difference between public and private hospitals. Conclusion: In patients’ tendency to hospitals, utility service indicators satisfy a significant impact. So, codified planning to improve these indexes in order to absorb more patients by authorities is required.}, Keywords = {Utility, Tendency, Patients, Hospital.}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {61-67}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.2.61}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-78-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-78-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Alidadi, Hossein and Shakeri, Mohammad Taghi and Hoseinzadeh, Ahmad and Noorani, Anoosheh}, title = {Relation between Mortality Rate and Air Pollutant Concentrations in Mashhad, 2007-2009}, abstract ={Background & purpose: Air pollution has been known as one of the most effective factors on cardiovascular, pulmonary and infectious diseases. This study aims to determine the relation between mortality rate and air pollution in Mashhad during 2007-2009. Materials & Methods: Data of air pollution, mortality rate and geographic factors were collected during 2007-2009 and analyzed. Mortality rate, the average PSI of individual pollutants , temperature and moisture were weekly measured and the diagrams were then drawn according to the methods of statistical correlation and regression analysis of air pollution and mortality rate. Results: According to the findings, there was no significant relation between CO and mortality rate, but the other pollutants played a significant role in this regard. The maximum correlation was obtained for SO2 and O3 in the concentrations of 0.936 and 0.154 ppm, respectively, but in the final model for all pollutants and weather variables, only PSI for O3, season and humidity showed significant change. Conclusion: O3 has increased during three years of research and has been the leading cause of death among the pollutants. Most deaths occurred in cold seasons. Among all pollutants, the maximum concentration of SO2 was in winter and the maximum concentration of O3 was in spring and summer 2009.  }, Keywords = {Air pollution, Mortality Rate, Pollutants}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {68-74}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.2.68}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-79-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-79-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Naghibi, Abdolhasan and Shojaizadeh, Davood and Montazeri, Ali and YazdaniCherati, Jamshi}, title = {Studying Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior of Breast Cancer Screening Methods among Behshahr Dwelling Women}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among all widespread cancers worldwide. After lung cancer, breast cancer is the main cause of death among women. One of the best ways to detect this disease early is to do screening. This study has been done to analyze the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of women regarding the breast cancer screening methods. Materials & Methods: The study is of cross-sectional descriptive type. The participants were 500 Behshahr dwelling women above 20 years old selected based on cluster sampling. The instrument used was a 34-item questionnaire to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of the women. The data has been analyzed through inferential statistical methods. Results: The participants' age mean was 35.16. The average knowledge score of the disease and screening methods was 1.3 and 54.6. The average attitude score of was 82.5. Regarding behavior, 13.1 percent do regular self-examination, and 15.2 percent do regular clinical examination. 16.7 percent of women have one experience of doing mammography. In the present study, there was a significant relation among knowledge, attitude and behavior. Conclusion: Since the knowledge of women was at average level and the behavior of using the screening methods was weak, planning to enable and motivate women to use the screening methods is highly emphasized.}, Keywords = {Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior, Screening, Breast Cancer}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {75-82}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.2.75}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-80-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-80-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Pareviz, Mehdi and Rezaei, Mohammad and Shariatifar, Nabi and Akberin, Hessam and JahedKhaniki, Gholam Reza and Mohammadpour, Iss}, title = {The Prevalence of Hydatidosis in Slaughtered Animals of the Industrial Slaughterhouse of Khomein, Iran (2007-2011)}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Hydatidosis is one of the most important zoonoses in the world that have public health and economic perspectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hydatid cysts in slaughtered animals in the industrial slaughterhouse of Khomein, Markazi province (2007-2011(. Materials & Methods: In this study was invistigated 28760 head of animals, including 12860 sheep, 3840 cows and 12060 goats. Their carcasses were inspected using macroscopic method for hydatid cyst in livers and lungs. Data analysis was performed by Chi-square test and SPSS software (Version 16.0). Resuts: The prevalence frequency of hydatidosis in slaughtered cattle was 523 head with the most infected animals of 113(2.94%) cow, 223(1.73%) sheep and 187 (1.55%) goats respectively. Moreover, 1126(3.9%) infected lungs and 1076(3074%) infected livers were found. On the seasonal bases, the surveys showed that maximum spread of the disease was in summer. Conclusion:The prevalence of hydatid cysts of parasites is relatively high which in addition to imposing high economic losses due to the deleting of infested organs of animals and decrease in livestock products, indicates the existence of conditions for health risks for residents which requires more inclusive and comprehensive sanitary and control measures due to this parasite's life cycle and transmission.}, Keywords = {Zoonoses, Hydatid cyst, Meat hygiene,Slaughtered animals}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {83-88}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.2.83}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Etemadinezhad, Siavash and Ranjbar, Fateme and Gorji, Mi}, title = {Posture Analysis by OWAS Method and Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders using Nordic Questionnaire among Workers of Sourak Tobacco Factory in 2013.}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders are the most prevalent work- related disorders and the main cause of disability among workers. Also these disorders are the main cause of absence from work and losing work hours and lead to reduction of productivity. Materials & Methods This cross–sectional analytical study was done on 100 workers of Sorak tobacco factory selected randomly. Posture analysis was evaluated by OWAS method and the prevalence of MSDs by Nordic questionnaire. The data was analyzed using EXCEL and SPSS software version 18. Results The workers age mean was (43+-3.97) years OLD and work experience was 12 years. The prevalence of MSDs was 75% in the last year .The limb part (55%), knee (45%) and shoulders (37%) were the most parts of workers’ complaints. WAS posture analysis showed that most postures are critical or need the modification intervention. Conclusion The prevalence of MSDs in Sorak tobacco factory workers is high and the postures are inappropriate. Ergonomic interventional programs as well as educating workers are recommended.}, Keywords = {Musculoskeletal Disorders, Nordic Questionnaire, OWAS Method}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {89-94}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.2.89}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-82-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-82-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mortazavi, Yusef and Khalilpour, Asieh and Amouei, Abdoliman and Tirgar, Aram}, title = {Assessment of Nitrous Oxide Concentration in the Operating and Recovery Rooms of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Background & purpose: There are occupational hazards related to Nitrous Oxide (N2O) in hospitals operating and recovery rooms. These hazards include the decrease of mental performance and audio-visual ability, and reduced fertility, spontaneous abortion and neurological, renal and liver diseases. In this survey, the concentration of Nitrous Oxide in indoor air of hospitals operating and recovery rooms in Babol University of medical sciences was determined. Materials & Methods: This descriptive study was performed in 23 operating rooms and 3 recovery rooms in 3 educational hospitals of Babol medical sciences university. The rooms with continuous usage of N2O with 2-3 lit/min of flow of general anesthesia were studied. For sampling and detecting N2O concentration as part per million (ppm), a portable IR spectrophotometer (3015 model of Bacharach Inc.) was used. The sampling was performed in 5 different zones of the operating rooms and 1zone of recovery room in 3 different hours of work time (8:30-9AM, 10:30-11AM and 12:30-1:00PM). One-way ANOVA ,SPSS 18 was used to analyze data and comparing the means. Results: N2O concentration mean in 5 different zones of the operating rooms was 318± 22.6, 325.5± 24.1, 299± 21.8, and 301± 22, 314± 23.7 ppm and in recovery room, it was 51± 15 ppm. There was no significant difference between the means of N2O concentration in different zones of the operating rooms, but the means of N2O concentration in different zones of the operating rooms and recovery room were significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Considering high average concentration of Nitrous Oxide in different operating and recovery rooms with maximum contamination levels of N2O, this situation subjects the health personnel to risk. Therefore, further research and applying protection utilities are recommended.}, Keywords = {Nitrous Oxide, Operating and Recovery Rooms, Concentration}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {95-99}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.2.95}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-83-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-83-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Abolhallaje, Masoud and Bastani, Peivand and Ramezanian, Maryam}, title = {Financial and Transactional Bylaw of Universities and Faculties of Medical Sciences: Opportunities and Threats}, abstract ={Background and purpose: According to developments related to the relative autonomy of universities and acquired extensive powers by the board of trustees of universities of medical sciences and healthcare services in a twenty-year perspective of country and in the context of the fourth and fifth socio-economic cultural development of country, necessity of developing financial and transactional bylaw of universities of medical sciences has become increasingly clear throughout country. Materials and Methods: Grounded theory is the qualitative methodology used for this study in order to identify the threats and opportunities of new financial tax bylaw of universities and faculties of medical sciences and through the study of documents, surveys of experts and beneficiaries and elites by Delphi method. Results: Releasing potential of public administration in order to control sources and uses, increasing management confidence in documented decision making, establishing organizational concentration on controlling costs, providing conditions of decision-making according to financial reports, independency in firing and hiring manpower by adopting specific provisions and creating independency in method of keeping accounts are among the most important opportunities. While poor organizational structure, lack of knowledge and skills in the existing structure, mental processes caused by reactions and incompatibility of staff, lack of criteria and rules in selection appointment and dismissal of managers and employees, lack of discipline and proper mechanisms in order to pursue the purposes, calculating financial burden and human resources required and finally, passing through traditional thinking and management system are among the most threats. Conclusion: Considering the mentioned threats and opportunities, financial and transactional bylaw of universities and faculties of medical sciences was basically revised and modified in January 2006, and then after the case reform in July 2009 it was announced in October 2011.}, Keywords = {Financial and Transactional Bylaw, Establishing Board of Trustees Act, Grounded Theory, Delphi.}, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.3.1}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-116-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-116-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Fazelinia, Fatemeh and Khodabandehlou, Ali Akbar and Rafati, Lida and Mahvi, Amir Hossei}, title = {Investigation of Air Quality Index and PM10 and PM2.5 in Arak}, abstract ={Background and purpose: In this study, the air quality index and concentration of particles such as PM10 and PM2.5 were investigated in Arak. Materials and Methods: To determine the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5, 60 samples were collected by laser TSI model 8520 in summer and winter 2012. The collection site was around Arak city center. Results: during the sampling period, as a matter of PM10, the cleanest and the most polluted month were December and June with the average of 34.33 µg m-3 and 100.1 µg m-3, respectively. The concentration of PM2.5 was 12.93 and 53.17 µg m-3 for December and June, respectively. Meanwhile, in terms of air quality index (AQI), in 98.3% and 70% of cases, the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5, respectively were less than normal (AQI100). Conclusion: The concentration of PM10 in the study period was less than Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2006 guideline. Meanwhile, the concentrations of PM2.5 in 30% of air samples were greater than EPA guideline. The average PM2.5/PM10 ratio during the sampling period was 0.41 compared to range 0.15 to 0.25 reported by EPA.}, Keywords = {Air, PM2.5/PM10, Particles, AQI, Iran}, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {12-17}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.3.12}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-117-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-117-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Naghdi, Seyran and Azami, Saeed Reza and Naghdi, Afshin and FaghiSolouk, Farshad and Ghiasvand, Hesam}, title = {The Inequity of Expenditure Ratios on Health and Food among Different Deciles of Iranian Households}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Utilization of health care services and food influence the health status. The food and health care expenditure ratios determine the importance level of them in household's consumption expenditures. We aimed to investigate the Iranian rural and urban food and health expenditure ratios inequality during 1998 to 2012. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive longitudinal study, which conducted based on Iranian Statistics Centre and Central Bank annual surveys. Firstly we calculated the households food and health expenditure ratios. Then we calculated the Gini coefficients and Atkinson index by using STATA version 12. Results: The mean of rural households food and health expenditure ratios were 0.53 and 0.37 respectively. Also these were 0.53 and 0.22 for urban households. All above inequality levels are based on Gini coefficients. Conclusion: There is a high level of inequality between Iranian rural and urban income deciles for health expenditure ratio, but the food expenditure ratio inequality were less and lower.}, Keywords = {Food Eexpenditure, Health Eexpenditure, Inequality, Gini Coefficient, Atkinson Index}, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {18-27}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.3.18}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-118-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-118-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Amouei, Abdol Iman and Amooey, Ali Akbar and Asgharzadeh, Fatemeh}, title = {A Study of Cadmium Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Sunflower Powders and its Modeling Using Artificial Neural Network}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Cadmium is hazardous and non-biodegradable material entering the food chain. In this paper, the removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by sunflower powder (the natural biosorbent) was investigated. Materials and Methods: The experiments were performed in a batch system. The effect of parameters such as contact time, pH, cadmium concentration and adsorbent dose were evaluated. Results: The results showed that increasing of pH, contact time and adsorbent dose caused increasing efficiency of removal cadmium from aqueous solutions. The results were modeled using biosorption kinetics and a neural network with four hidden neurons, including bias which was able to predict the concentration dependency of data very accurately. Conclusion: On the basis of the results, could be used from sunflower residues as a cost and efficient biosorbent for treatment of wastewater with Cadmium. The prediction of the artificial neural network model fit the experimental data very precisely.}, Keywords = {Sunflower powder,Aqueous Two Phase, Biosorption,Cadmium, Biokinetics, Neural Network}, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {28-34}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.3.28}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-119-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-119-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Anjomshoa, Mina and Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam and Seyedin, Hesam and Ariankhesal, Aidin and Sadeghifar, Jamil and Shaarbafchi-Zadeh, Nasri}, title = {Evidence for Policy Making: Health Services Access and Regional Disparities in Kerman}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Health indices, regarding to their role in the development of society, are one of the most important indices at national level. Success of national development programs is largely dependent on the establishment of appropriate goals at the health sector, among which access to healthcare facilities is an essential requirement. The aim of this study was to examine the disparities in health services access across the Kerman province. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Study sample included the cities of Kerman province, ranked based on 15 health indices. Data was collected from statistical yearbook. The indices were weighted using Shannon entropy, then using the TOPSIS technique and the result were classified into three categories in terms of the level of development across towns. Results: The findings showed distinct regional disparities in health services across Kerman province and the significant difference was observed between the cities in terms of development. Shannon entropy introduced the number of pharmacologist per 10 thousand people as the most important indicator and the number of rural active health center per 1000 people as the less important indicator. According to TOPSIS, Kerman town (0.719) and Fahraj (0.1151) ranked the first and last in terms of access to health services respectively. Conclusion: There are significant differences between cities of Kerman province in terms of access to health care facilities and services. Therefore, it is recommended that officials and policy-makers determine resource allocation priorities according to the degree of development for a balanced and equitable distribution of health care facilities.}, Keywords = {Policy Making, Health Services Access, Regional Disparities }, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {35-42}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.3.35}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-120-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-120-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Dehghani, Mansooreh and Ahmadi, Mohammad and Nasseri, Simi}, title = {Photodegradation of the Antibiotic Penicillin G in the Aqueous Solution using UV-A Radiation}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Highly consumption of antibiotics and their entrance into the environment has increased concerns all over the world. These compounds enter to the environment through an incomplete metabolism and a considerable amount of them cannot be removed using usual waste filtration systems. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using ultraviolet radiation (UV-A) to remove penicillin G (PENG) from aqueous phase and determining its removal efficiency. Materials and Methods: The experiments were carried out in the batch mode. The samples were assessed in a 2-liter reactor. In order to investigate the effect of UV-A radiation on the removal rate of antibiotic penicillin G (PENG), the following parameters were studied. Three concentration levels of PENG antibiotic (10,25,and 45 mg/l) were exposed to UV-A at three pH levels (3,7,11) and were evaluated at four reaction times (30,60,90, and 120 min). Antibiotic penicillin G (PENG) was determined using HPLC instrument (Waters YL9100,USA) and results analyzed using factorial design software. Results: The finding demonstrated that antibiotic removal rate increased by decreasing pH and decreasing the initial concentration of antibiotic and increasing contact time. The maximum rate of penicillin G removal occurred in acidic pH (pH=3) is as much as 38%. All of the variables in the process have been statistically significant effect (p<0.001). Conclusion: Results showed that by reducing the pH, increasing contact time and reducing the antibiotic concentration, the removal rate increases. In conclusion, photodegradation process using UV-A may enhance the rate of penicillin G degradation in polluted water and could be used as a complementary step for other chemical and biological processes to remove penicillin G from the aqueous solution. Therefore, UV-A process in conjugate with the other processes is an appropriate method for reducing antibiotic penicillin G in polluted water resources.}, Keywords = {Antibiotic, Penicillin G, UV-A Radiation, Photodegradation, Removal, Aqueous Solution}, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {43-50}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.3.43}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-123-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-123-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Poormollae, Nayyere and Bazrafshan, Edris and Nasrabadi, Mahnaz}, title = {Assessment of Waste Production and Heavy Metal Emission from Energy Production Sector of Zahedan City}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Due to the lack of accurate statistics on the amount of waste generated in the energy production sector in Zahedan, before any planning, one should identify all waste producing centers associated with the energy sector and also the quantity and quality of their waste in Zahedan. Materials and methods: This research is a cross-sectional descriptive study. It examined the produced wastes in the electrical energy generation sector. A questionnaire was prepared and completed for each unit that possibility produces these wastes. Moreover, in the studied units, the weigh percent per unit was determined by separating production waste, and collecting and weighing them. Results: In gas power plant of Zahedan, production of burned oil was approximately 480 liters and the annual consumption of turbine oil and compressor oil was 40 liters. In the diesel power plant, 2,200 liters of burned oil is produced for each generator after 1,500 hours of work. Concentration of heavy metals of Cr, Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Ni in the burned oil sample of the gas power plant was 43.2, 0.01, 0.20, 1.3, 2.7, 0.2 mg/l, respectively and in the diesel power plant were 36.3, 0.08, 0.09, 0.9, 4.7, 1.1 mg/l. Conclusion: In the studied samples, several cases of heavy metal pollution were identified. Therefore, proper planning for appropriate management of these units is necessary for any possible leakage and environmental pollution transport. Furthermore, in order to minimize the adverse impacts of hazardous wastes on the environment and people in Zahedan, integrated hazardous wastes management should be practices in electrical energy generation plants. Moreover, one must consider the measures required to exposure, transport, and safe maintenance before managing or eliminating this type of waste.}, Keywords = {Solid waste, Waste management, Power plant, Zahedan. }, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {51-57}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.3.51}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-124-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-124-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Tabesh, Hamed and Saki, Azadeh and Mardaniyan, Samir}, title = {A New Nonparametric Regression for Longitudinal Data}, abstract ={In many area of medical research, a relation analysis between one response variable and some explanatory variables is desirable. Regression is the most common tool in this situation. If we have some assumptions for such normality for response variable, we could use it. In this paper we propose a nonparametric regression that does not have normality assumption for response variable and we focus on longitudinal data. Materials and Methods: Consider nonparametric estimation in a varying coefficient model with repeated measurements ( X tij Yij ij, , ), for i=1, …, n and j =1 ,… , ni where Xij=TXijo Xijk ( ,..., ) and ( X tij Yij ij , , ) denote the jth outcome , covariate and time design points, respectively , of the ith subject. The model considered here is Y (tij) i (tij) T Yij ij    , where ( )  ( 0 ( ),..., ( )) , for k  0 T t k  t  t  , are smooth nonparametric functions of interest and (t )  i is a zero-mean stochastic process. The measurements are assumed to be independent for different subjects but can be correlated at different time points within each subject. For evaluating this model, we use data of a cohort of 289 healthy infants born in Shiraz in 2007. The proposed nonparametric regression was fitted to them for obtaining effect rates of mother weight, mother arm circumference and maternal age at delivery time and maternal age at first menarche on boy’s arm circumference. Results: proposed nonparametric regression showed the varied effect of each independent variable over the time but other models achieved constant effect over the time that is in controversy with the inherent property of these natural phenomena. Conclusion: This study shows that this model and the spline nonparametric estimator could be useful in different areas of medical and health studies.}, Keywords = {Cohort studies, Longitudinal data, Nonparametric regression, Spline smoothing.}, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {58-70}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.3.58}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-126-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-126-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rafati, Lida and Mokhtari, Mehdi and Fazelinia, Fatemeh and Momtaz, SeyedMojtaba and Mahvi, Amir Hossei}, title = {Evaluation of Ground Water Fluoride Concentration in Hamadan Province West of IRAN(2012)}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Fluoride is one of the drinking water contaminants regulated by EPA. This ion, in low doses in the mouth reduces tooth decay without health risk and at much higher doses causes health complications and can be toxic. The major sources of exposure to fluoride are drinking water, food, dental products, and pesticides. The biggest contributor to exposure for most people in Iran is drinking water. This study was carried out to determine groundwater fluoride concentration of Hamadan province located in the west of Iran in 2012. Materials and Methods: Ground water samples were collected from 192 sampling point, during dry and wet seasons. Fluoride concentration was determined in the water samples using UV-Spectrophotometry method (DR 5000) and SPADNS Fluoride Reagent Solution. Results: The fluoride concentration of ground water of examined regions varied between 0 to 1.78 mg/l. Mean concentration of fluoride samples and standard deviation were 0.574 and 0.351 mg/l respectively. The results showed that 49% of fluoride concentration samples were less than the standard value according to National standards of IRAN and WHO guideline. Conclusion: According to low level of fluoride concentration in this province, fluoride supplements such as mouth washes, consumption of fluoride containing foods and water fluoridation are recommended to reduce caries development.}, Keywords = {Fluoride Concentration, Ground Water, Hamadan, Iran.}, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {71-76}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.3.71}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-127-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-127-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {MotevaliHaghi, Farzad and saberilamraski, Malihe and Hoseini, Mahbobe and Parsi, Behz}, title = {Survey on Environmental Indices of Primary School in Behshahr City, Iran 2012-2013}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Schools are the most appropriate and reliable places for training and educating students. If health principles are not observed in schools, students will be prone to different kinds of health problems. Thus the aim of this research is to study the environmental indices in primary schools in the Behshahr city in 2012. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional descriptive study. 20 private and governmental primary schools affiliated to ministry of education were selected using census method. Data were collected in the questionnaire prepared based on the environmental standard of the ministry of health. The questionnaire was filled during interviews with school principal and direct observation. The data were analyzed using, Excel, and SPSS softwares. Results: The results of this search showed the hygienic statues of schools in water supplying (85%), waste water disposal (75%) and washbasins (70%), garbage disposal (100%) were favorable. But they were unfavorable for play ground 90%, green area 95%, lavatory with flash tank and ventilation 80% window without net 90% and fire extinguishing capsule 80%.The findings also showed a significant difference between the health statuses of different schools. Conclusion: Most (80%) schools had a pleasant situation or a relatively acceptable hygiene regarding the health instruction guide for schools' environment. This requires more attention of the authorities towards the improvement and promotion of the hygienic status of schools.}, Keywords = {Primary School, Environmental Health Indices, Behshahr.}, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {77-84}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.3.77}, url = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-128-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-128-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Health Sciences}, issn = {2322-553X}, eissn = {2322-4797}, year = {2013} }